Résumé:

The success of condensed matter physics in the 20th century is largely related to the deep understanding of matter organization, and following elaboration of physical concepts simplifying complex problems. Similar approach applied to the living matter reveals novel unique types of order at all scales, from individual molecules to biological tissues. At the scale typical for intracellular biomolecular assemblies, the peculiarities of the organization are mainly related to their unconventional topology and geometry, and to low dimensionality. Some of these unconventional types of order and their relation to biological functions will be illustrated : screw-like liquid-crystalline order of DNA in bacteriophages, chiral anticlinic liquid-crystalline state of nucleosomes in the chromatin fiber, 2D spherical crystals and 2D dodecahedral quasicrystals in capsids of small and medium viruses.