Importance : Pain is a common out-of-hospital symptom among patients, and opioids are often prescribed. Research suggests that overprescribing for acute traumatic pain is still prevalent, even when limits restricting opioid prescriptions have been implemented. Ketamine hydrochloride is an alternative to opioids in adults with out-of-hospital traumatic pain. Objective : To assess the noninferiority of intravenous ketamine compared with intravenous morphine sulfate to provide pain relief in adults with out-of-hospital traumatic pain. Design, Setting, and Participants : The Intravenous Subdissociative-Dose Ketamine Versus Morphine for Prehospital Analgesia (KETAMORPH) study was a multicenter, single-blind, noninferiority randomized clinical trial comparing ketamine hydrochloride (20 mg, followed by 10 mg every 5 minutes) with morphine sulfate (2 or 3 mg every 5 minutes) in adult patients with out-of-hospital trauma and a verbal pain score equal to or greater than 5. Enrollment occurred from November 23, 2017, to November 26, 2022, in 11 French out-of-hospital emergency medical units. Interventions : Patients were randomly assigned to ketamine (n = 128) or morphine (n = 123). Main Outcomes and Measures : The primary outcome was the between-group difference in mean change in verbal rating scale pain scores measured from the time before administration of the study drug to 30 minutes later. A noninferiority margin of 1.3 was chosen. Results : A total of 251 patients were randomized (median age, 51 [IQR, 34-69] years; 111 women [44.9%] and 140 men [55.1%] among the 247 with data available) and were included in the intention-to-treat population. The mean pain score change was −3.7 (95% CI, −4.2 to −3.2) in the ketamine group compared with −3.8 (95% CI, −4.2 to −3.4) in the morphine group. The difference in mean pain score change was 0.1 (95% CI, −0.7 to 0.9) points. There were no clinically meaningful differences for vital signs between the 2 groups. The intravenous morphine group had 19 of 113 (16.8% [95% CI, 10.4%-25.0%]) adverse effects reported (most commonly nausea [12 of 113 (10.6%)]) compared with 49 of 120 (40.8% [95% CI, 32.0%-49.6%]) in the ketamine group (most commonly emergence phenomenon [24 of 120 (20.0%)]). No adverse events required intervention. Conclusions and Relevance : In the KETAMORPH study of patients with out-of-hospital traumatic pain, the use of intravenous ketamine compared with morphine showed noninferiority for pain reduction. In the ongoing opioid crisis, ketamine administered alone is an alternative to opioids in adults with out-of-hospital traumatic pain. Trial Registration : ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03236805

A new method is proposed to predict the topological properties of 1D periodic structures in wave physics, including quantum mechanics. From Bloch waves, a unique complex valued function is constructed, exhibiting poles and zeros. The sequence of poles and zeros of this function is a topological invariant that can be linked to the Berry–Zak phase. Since the characterization of the topological properties is done in the complex plane, it can easily be extended to the case of non‐Hermitian systems. The sequence of poles and zeros allows to predict topological phase transitions.

In this article, we conduct comparative studies on the optical properties of metallic carbon nanotubes. First, we compare the complex dielectric constant predicted by an analytical model, the linear surface conductivity model, with ab initio calculations based on density functional theory. We highlight the similarities and differences between these two models, with the major discrepancy being the significantly different behavior of the plasma frequency with respect to the carbon nanotube diameter. In the second step, we compare the predictions of these models with experimental measurements of the dielectric function. We demonstrate that the screened plasma frequency serves as a reliable quantifier for distinguishing between the two models. In conclusion, we find that the ab initio calculations more accurately describe the optical properties of metallic carbon nanotubes compared with the commonly used linear surface conductivity model.

Securing communications over long distances requires bright single photon sources emitting in the telecom band in a well-defined spatial and polarization mode. First, we report our efforts to obtain single photon emission and a Gaussian far-field radiation pattern in the telecom O-band from single quantum dot-nanowires (QD-NWs) monolithically grown on silicon. The InAs/InP QD-NWs were grown on silicon (111) substrates by Vapor-Liquid-Solid assisted solid-source Molecular Beam Epitaxy using In-Au droplets as a catalyst in-situ deposited at 500°C [1]. Low QD-NW density was obtained by a careful control of the In/Au catalyst flux ratio to achieve density <1 NW/μm² [2]. The growth conditions have been tuned (Fig 1.a) to optimize the source brightness and reduce the far-field divergence. The control of the nanowire geometry allows us to demonstrate a Gaussian far field emission profile with an emission angle θ≈30° (Fig 1.c) from a single QD at room temperature in the telecom O-band and the observation of single photon emission with g2(0) = 0.05 (Fig 1.b) at cryogenic temperature [3]. Secondly, we have optimized the growth procedure to achieve InAs/InP QD NWs with an elongated top-view cross-section. Polarization-resolved photoluminescence measurements have revealed a significant influence of the asymmetric shaped NWs on the InAs QD emission polarization with the photons being mainly polarized parallel to the NW long cross section axis [4]. A degree of linear polarization (DLP) up to 91% is obtained, being at the state of the art for the reported DLP values from QD-NWs.\\References:[1] A. Mavel et al, Journal of Crystal Growth, 458 (2017) 96.[2] A. Jaffal et al, Nanotechnology, 31 (2020) 354003.[3] A. Jaffal et al, Nanoscale, 11 (2019) 21847-21855.[4] A. Jaffal et al, Nanoscale, 13 (2021) 16952–16958.

Beginning with Fermat’s principle, we provide a detailed derivation of the generalized laws of refraction and reflection for a geometry realizing a metasurface. We first solve the Euler–Lagrange equations for a light ray propagating across the metasurface. The ray-path equation is found analytically, and the results are supported by numerical calculations. We get generalized laws of refraction and reflection that have three main features: (i) They are relevant in gradient-index optics and in geometrical optics; (ii) A collection of rays emerges from the metasurface as a result of multiple reflections inside the metasurface; and (iii) The laws, although derived from Fermat’s principle, differ from previously published results.