Exclusion processes are toy models playing an important role
in the understanding of out-of-equilibrium systems.
They are not only defined by dynamical rules, but also by the type
of update (sequential, parallel, etc) that is used.
The update must be properly chosen depending on the targeted application
(road traffic, intracellular transport, etc).

We will discuss a phenomenological approach of exclusion processes,
namely the domain wall theory, and present how it was originally defined
for sequential update, and how it can be adapted to a parallel
deterministic
update by taking into account some memory effect, or how
it can be extended to multi-lane situations.
To end with, we shall address some application of exclusion processes.

Quasiprobabilities are mathematical quantities describing the statistics of measurement outcomes evaluated at two or more times, which incorporate the incompatibility of the measurement observables and the state of the measured quantum system. In this tutorial, I present the definition, interpretation and properties of the main quasiprobabilities known in the literature as well as techniques to measure them experimentally. I illustrate the use of quasiprobabilities in quantum thermodynamics to describe the quantum statistics of work and heat, and to explain anomalies in the energy exchanges during a thermodynamic transformation. On the one hand, in work protocols, we show how absorbed energy can be converted to extractable work and vice versa due to Hamiltonian incompatibility at distinct times. On the other hand, in exchange processes between two quantum systems initially at different temperatures, we explain how quantum correlations in their initial state may induce cold-to-hot energy exchanges, which are unnatural between any pair of equilibrium non- driven systems.


Reference https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.17138.pdf

Nearly twenty years ago in an experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory, physicists measured the muon's anomalous magnetic moment, a_mu, with a remarkable precision of 0.54 parts per million. Since that time, the reference Standard Model prediction for a_mu has exhibited a discrepancy with experiment of over 3 standard deviations, raising the tantalizing possibility of elementary particles or fundamental forces as yet undiscovered. On April 7, 2021 the physicists of an ongoing experiment at Fermilab presented first results of a new measurement of a_mu, brilliantly confirming Brookhaven's measurement and bringing the discrepancy with the reference prediction to a near discovery level of 4.2 sigma. This discrepancy was further enhanced to 5.1 sigma this past with the publication of Fermilab’s new result that reduces the measurement uncertainty by a factor of 2. According to usual particle physics standards, such a discrepancy would mean that new fundamental physics has been uncovered.

In the meantime a very large-scale supercomputer calculation of the contribution that most limits the precision of the Standard Model prediction was performed by the Budapest-Marseille-Wuppertal collaboration. The results of this lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) calculation paint a very different picture, in particular reducing the difference between theory and experiment and suggesting that new physics may not be needed to explain the current, experimental, world-average value of a_mu. However, it does so at the expense of an untenable discrepancy with the data-driven determination of this most uncertain contribution.

After an introduction and a discussion of the current experimental and theoretical status of a_mu, I will present this precise lattice QCD calculation and partial confirmations by other teams. I will also present a framework that enables a comparison of the primary ingredients that are used in the lattice QCD and data-driven approaches and discuss the steps that are required to make a Standard Model prediction that will allow determine whether the final results of the Fermilab experiment, expected in 2025, indicate the presence of new fundamental physics.